Research Methodological Approaches free essay sample

It is also often confused with epistemology, which is about knowledge and knowing. Ontology is one of core areas of philosophical study, which research as the nature of being, reality and existence, it also discuss about the relationship between each categories of being. ‘An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization. ’(Gruber, 1993: 199). Objectivism ‘Objectivism is an ontological position that asserts that social phenomena and their meanings have an existence that is independent of social actors. It implies that social phenomena and the categories that we use in every day discourse have an existence that is independent or separate from actors’ (Bryman, 2007: 22). Objectivism is a philosophical terminology that refers to an attitude of people to look at things, to think about things without particular point of person, means the properties of the thing itself without personal views. Further, objectivism also means the existence of natural and social properties of things (Saunders, 2007; Bryman, 2007). Subjectivism An ontological position that asserts, that entities are created from the perceptions and consequent actions of those social actors responsible for their creation’ (Saunders, 2007: 612). According to Saunders (2007), subjectivism is the consciousness and spirit of people, it is opposed to objectivism. Subjectivism means that people participate in to observe some things, at this time, the nature and social properties and rule of the observed things will vary with different views from different people. Positivism The epistemological position that advocates working with an observable social reality. The emphasis is on highly structured methodology to facilitate replication, and the end product can be law-like generalizations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientists’ (Saunders, 2007: 606). According to Saunders (2007), positivism is an ontological position, one or the main determinants in research questions research philosophy. Positivis m is attribute with the naturel sciences. It reflects scientific laws by summarize the phenomenon. Interpretivism ‘The epistemological position that advocates the necessity to understand differences between humans in their role as social actors’ (Saunders, 2007: 600). Interpretivism is a philosophical viewpoint formed from human scientific process, mainly common in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Interpretivism is based on idealism, it advocates that human experience of the world is not the passive perception and acceptance on the material world, but takes an initiative to the increase understanding and interpretation. The interpretivist ontological basis of the real world is the human explanation for the different behaviour and condition of the product. In other words it attempts to understand the truth of the real world, which is built the subjective idea of humanity (Schwandt, 1994). Quantitative Approach ‘Take a quantitative approach to addressing their research questions and design a study that involves collecting quantitative data and analyzing them using statistical methods’ (Collis, 2009: 7). According to Bryman (2007), the quantitative approach is a research strategy or process that emphasizes quantification in the collection, analysis and explanation of data. It uses questionnaires to achieve the purpose by set up the research questions and is predetermined. Qualitative Approach The qualitative approach addresses research questions by examining the consciousness and spirit of people (Collis, 2009). The qualitative approach is a research strategy or process that usually emphasizes words rather than quantification in the collection, analysis and explanation of data (Bryman 2007). Qualitative research is likely to lead to a greater range of ethical concerns (Saunders 2007). Interviews are often used to gather reliable and valid information for the research. It is a purposeful discussion between two or more people (Kahn and Cannell, 1957, cited in Saunders 2007). The focus group method is a form of group interview in which: there are several participants, there is an emphasis in the questioning on a particular fairly tightly defined topic; and the accent is upon interaction within the group and the joint construction of meaning (Bryman, 2007: 511) The focused group can be separate into individual interview and group interview (Merton et al. 1956, cited in Bryman 2007). Pragmatic Approach ‘An ontological position that argues that the most important determinant of the research philosophy adopted is the research questions. It applies a practical approach, integrating different perspectives to help collect and interpret data’ (Saunders, 2007: 607). According to Saunders (2007), pragmatic research is a practical approach, it employs the thinking of both the Interpretivism and Positivism. Using both quantitative and qualitative approach, integrating different options to help collect and interpret data. Conclusion Compare with qualitative and quantitative research, I found that using quantitative approach, the aim is to classify features, build statistical models to explain what is observed, and researcher should know specifically what information is looking for and tends to keep objectively during the research. The data collect by use questionnaires, and the quantitative data is more efficient. Different with quantitative approach, for qualitative approach, the aim should be complete and detailed statement, researcher may only know roughly what information is looking and he/she may be subjectively immersed in the research process. The data gathering by use interview or focus group, but the qualitative data may be less able to be generalized. The research project has been decided to review the Apple Inc. development strategy during last 10 years.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Developing Sustainably

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility and Developing Sustainably. Answer: Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility is defined as an approach, which helps the organization in developing sustainably for delivering economic, social as well as environmental benefits to the stakeholders (Okpara and Idowu 2013). It is adopted by various industries in Australia for maximizing their annual profit. The telecom industry of Australia Telestra uses CSR in staying productive, competitive as well as relevant in the rapidly changing world of business. In this assignment, strengths as well as weaknesses of various phrases are illustrated. The report discusses significance of CSR, role of CSR in telecom industry of Australia, key players of Australian telecom industry, impact of CSR on the success of the business and improvements required in Corporate Social responsibility. Meaning and significance of Corporate Social Responsibility The term corporate social responsibility is a business approach, which helps in contributing towards sustainable development by providing economic, social as well as environmental benefits to all the stakeholders of the organization. Corporate social responsibility is very much significant for telecom industry as it helps the organization in staying productive, competitive as well as relevant in the rapidly changing world of business. It is stated by Okpara and Idowu (2013) that CSR provides opportunity to the telecom industry so that they can work for the betterment of the society in order to make it a better place to live. On the other hand, Schneider and Schmidpeter (2012) stated that CSR plays a significant role in making the brand of the organization more popular not among the competitors but also among the media as well as among the common people. Corporate social responsibility assists in strengthening the bond among various employees. The adoption of Corporate Social responsibility requires numerous changes in procedures. According to Korschun, Bhattacharya and Swain (2014), the telecom industry needs to hire some additional personnel for managing the initiatives of CSR. The actions came at a cost and as a result, it is quite expensive. On the hand, Cheng, Ioannou and Serafeim (2014) stated that many business undertakes the initiatives of CSR for bolstering their public images. The initiatives require the organization to release some important information, which has an opposite effect. Ho: The CSR can be advantageous for increasing the productivity of the organization. H1: The CSR cannot be advantageous for increasing the productivity of the organizations. It is found from the above analysis that the adopted CSR is either significant or disadvantageous for the telecom industry. The organization must adopt CSR effectively in order to utilize it in increasing the productivity of the organization as well as for becoming competitive in the market of Australia. Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in the telecom industry of Australia Corporate Social Responsibility is a term that is required for describing the efforts of an organization for improving its different operations. It is considered as one of the standard business practices by Telestra. The establishment of CSR strategy within the organization plays an important role in gaining competitive advantage. There are numerous roles of corporate social responsibility in the telecom industry of Australia. According to Ofodile et al. (2012), the policies of CSR helps in entailing self-regulation, adherence to various rules and regulations, achieving ethical standards, consumer satisfaction, welfare of the employees and stakeholders benefit. The telecom industries of Australia are always driven by the need of making more profits. The CSR assists the telecom industry in increasing their profits, sustainability, integrity as well as reputation in the business, which is included in the policy of the organization (Mousavi et al. 2013). The adoption of CSR by the organization Telestra helps in promoting the brand of the organization. The organization is experiencing rapid growth by having effective contribution in the gross domestic product of the nation. On the other hand, it is stated by Kobzar, Nikolayeva and Shvets (2014), that the adoption of CSR policies are not always driven or motivated by increased profit. The organization Telestra have realized that for adopting Corporate Social Responsibility, they require special appeal from the stakeholders (Sharma, Sharma and Devi 2013).The organization Telestra have faced number of challenges including insecurity of property, infrastructure problems, lack of credit, high volume cash transaction, environmental challenges and many more. The telecom industry of Australia also faces problems in performing the roles in context with corporate social responsibilities due to the government policies. H0: The adoption of CSR in the telecom industry of Australia Telestra is quite advantageous in increasing profitability. H1: The adoption of CSR in Telestra cannot be advantageous in increasing profit. It can be concluded that CSR have numerous roles in the organization Telestra for increasing the annual profitability but the organization also faces number of challenges in performing different roles within the telecom industry of Australia. Key players of Australian telecom industry and the initiatives taken by CSR The telecom companies in Australia are mainly engaged in maintaining, operating as well as accessing various facilities for proper as well as effective transmission of sound, text, data and many more. The main key players of telecom industries in Australia includes NetComm Wireless limited, My Net Fone Limited, Singapore Telecommunications Limited, TPG Telecom limited, and M2 group limited (Deng, Kang and Low 2013). There are number of initiatives, which are taken by Corporate Social responsibility in the telecom industries. Corporate Social Responsibilities provides basic expectations to the organizations by taking initiatives in protecting public health, safety of the public and the environment. According to Brammer, Jackson and Matten (2012), CSR helps in explaining the concepts of values and ethics for influencing the extent of corporation. The initiatives, which are taken by CSR for the telecom industries of Australia, have a positive impact on the evaluations of the company, which is mediated by the perceptions of self-company congruence for supporting various domains of CSR (Dyck et al. 2015). The initiative, which is taken by CSR in increasing the profitability of the company, also increases competitive advantage for the organizations. (Flammer (2013) opined that the CSR initiatives and financial stock market of the companies does not always have a positive impact on the performance of the organizations. H0: The initiatives taken by CSR may have positive impact on the telecom industries H1: The initiatives, which are taken by the telecom industries, do not have a positive impact on the organization. Corporate Social Responsibility adopted by different telecom industries helps in earning profit by the organizations. After deducting different expenses from the revenue, it is identified that the telecom companies of Australia are achieving profit by adopting CSR. The analysis helps in providing an idea about the operations of the organizations and their market capitalization assists in specifying the position of the companies in the market. Impact of Corporate social responsibility on the success of business Corporate social responsibility helps in increasing the profit of the organizations and therefore all the large companies are actively engaged to it. It is believed by some executives that CSR plays a significant role in improving the profit of the organization (Rupp et al. 2015). CSR helps in promoting the brand of the company in the market place, helps in enhancing the sales of the telecom industries, and increases loyalty of the employees. According to Baumann-Pauly et al. (2013), the activities, which are associated with Corporate Social Responsibilities focuses on various sustainability issues, which further helps in improving the efficiency of the organization. It is stated by Kitzmueller and Shimshack (2012) that adoption of CSR within telecom industries helps in gaining possible listings in the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes or other indices which helps in enhancing the stock price of the company making the stocks options as well as the executives of stocks more profitable. It is opined by Marquis and Qian (2013), that Corporate Social responsibility does not help the organizations in gaining profit. The growths of profit in the telecom industry in context to CSR are frequently difficult to define as it is considered as a challenging task (Khan, Muttakin and Siddiqui 2013). An environment of tension is created within the telecom industries while efforts are provided in order to maximize profits the corporate social programs are targeted due to the social problems. It is also an important task to trace the benefits of CSR for tracing the performance of the organization. H0: The impacts of corporate Social Responsibility on the telecom industries are positive. H1: The impacts of corporate Social responsibility on the telecom industries cannot be positive. The CSR plays an important role in maximizing the profit of the organization and it helps the organization in resolving the issues that are related with sustainability. The organization needs to generate some ideas as well as policies in order to solve the challenges that the organizations faces due to the adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility. Improvements required in the area of Corporate Social responsibility Improvements in context to Corporate Social Responsibility are very much required for increasing the profitability within an organization. There are number of ways that can be utilized in order to improve the area of Corporate Social Responsibility. According to Morgeson et al. (2013), the organizations must make proper as well as effective decisions regarding sustainable purchasing as the decisions helps in buying sustainable goods and services. It is very much important for the organization to be upfront as well honest in order to provide information properly so that the involved stakeholders will achieve proper insight of the problems as well as challenges. It is stated by (Bondy, Moon and Matten (2012) that is quite important to have proper community development for ensuring positive relationship with the communities for making the organizations involved. It is analyzed that improvement in CSR increases competitive advantage for organizations. It is stated by Flammer (2015), that the operations, products or services that are utilized for improving the CSR of the organizations are not always environmental friendly and as a result it has some negative impacts on the growth of sales and consumption of products. H0: Improvements are required in Corporate Social Responsibility in order to enhance the success of the organizations. H1: Improvements are not required for enhancing the success of the organizations in Corporate Social Responsibility. It is very much important for the organization to use proper and effective operations as well as products so that they do not have negative impact on the environment of the organization. The organization must take help from the governments for supporting cleaner, greener as well as sustainable environment for improving corporate social responsibility of the organization. Conclusion It can be concluded that corporate social responsibility helps in providing positive influence in achieving completive advantage within the organization. It is analyzed that CSR helps in increasing the profit of the organizations, which further helps in promoting the brand of the company in the market place. It helps in strengthening the bond among various employees and focuses on various sustainability issues, which further helps in improving the efficiency of the organization. The CSR assists the telecom industry in increasing their profits, sustainability, integrity as well as reputation in the business, which is included in the policy of the organization. The CSR helps in providing an idea about the operations of the organizations and their market capitalization assists in specifying the position of the companies in the market. The initiative, which is taken by CSR in increasing the profitability of the company, also increases competitive advantage for the organizations as CSR in itiatives and financial stock market of the companies does not always have a positive impact on the performance of the organizations. Therefore, it is quite important for the organization to adopt CSR effectively in order to utilize it in increasing the productivity of the organization as well as for becoming competitive in the market of Australia. The organization needs to generate some ideas as well as policies in order to solve the challenges that the organizations faces due to the adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility. References Baumann-Pauly, D., Wickert, C., Spence, L.J. and Scherer, A.G., 2013. Organizing corporate social responsibility in small and large firms: Size matters.Journal of Business Ethics,115(4), pp.693-705. Bondy, K., Moon, J. and Matten, D., 2012. An institution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in multi-national corporations (MNCs): Form and implications.Journal of Business Ethics,111(2), pp.281-299. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-Economic Review,10(1), pp.3-28. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23. Deng, X., Kang, J.K. and Low, B.S., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder value maximization: Evidence from mergers.Journal of Financial Economics,110(1), pp.87-109. Dyck, I.J., Lins, K.V., Roth, L. and Wagner, H.F., 2015. Do Institutional Investors Drive Corporate Social Responsibility? International Evidence.Do Institutional Investors Drive Corporate Social Responsibility. Flammer, C., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and shareholder reaction: The environmental awareness of investors.Academy of Management Journal,56(3), pp.758-781. Flammer, C., 2015. Does corporate social responsibility lead to superior financial performance? A regression discontinuity approach.Management Science,61(11), pp.2549-2568. Khan, A., Muttakin, M.B. and Siddiqui, J., 2013. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy.Journal of business ethics,114(2), pp.207-223. Kitzmueller, M. and Shimshack, J., 2012. Economic perspectives on corporate social responsibility.Journal of Economic Literature,50(1), pp.51-84. Kobzar, T., Nikolayeva, V. and Shvets, O., 2014. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.20-37. Marquis, C. and Qian, C., 2013. Corporate social responsibility reporting in China: Symbol or substance?.Organization Science,25(1), pp.127-148. Morgeson, F.P., Aguinis, H., Waldman, D.A. and Siegel, D.S., 2013. Extending corporate social responsibility research to the human resource management and organizational behavior domains: A look to the future.Personnel Psychology,66(4), pp.805-824. Mousavi, Z., Beiranvand, F., Moeinfar, Z. and Amouzesh, N., 2013. Corporate Social Responsibility.Life Sci J,10(6s), pp.8-10. Ofodile, U.E., Altschuller, S.A., Dolize, A. and Fessler, M., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility.The International Lawyer, pp.181-197. Okpara, J.O. and Idowu, S.O., 2013.Corporate Social Responsibility. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Rupp, D.E., Wright, P.M., Aryee, S. and Luo, Y., 2015. Organizational justice, behavioral ethics, and corporate social responsibility: Finally the three shall merge.Management and Organization Review,11(01), pp.15-24. Schneider, A. and Schmidpeter, R., 2012. Corporate social responsibility.Verantwortliche Unternehmensfhrung in der Praxis, Berlin ua. Sharma, J.D., Sharma, J. and Devi, A., 2013. Corporate Social Responsibility.The Key Role of Human Resource.

Life In Rome Essays - Marriage, Ancient Roman Society,

Life in Rome Life in Rome "Was Rome a pleasant city to live in?" Well, writers who wrote about it say that they didn't think so. This is based on survived writings. One big reason why life was not that good was the plan of the city. To many buildings were being built. Emperors were building too many impressive, marble temples. Then in the residential areas were the insulae. They are unplanned blocks of poorly built apartment buildings. These buildings were for the ordinary Roman. They were built very closely, and building collapse was common. Nero made a more systematic reconstruction of the buildings. He used brick concrete instead of wood. Even though he did this, less than twenty years later half the city got on fire. This probably happened because the Romans use torches, oil lamps, and cooked on gas stoves. An hour couldn't go without a fire starting somewhere. The streets of Rome were also very noisy especially at night. This was because Caesar said that chariots were allowed on the streets only after sunset. The streets were also very crowded. So even when the chariots weren't there, the people were. Another very chaotic place was the Argiletum. This is the most known shopping center in the empire. Most Romans didn't own land. "The average Roman had little privacy and still less money." Most Romans who lived in the city were craftsmen, shopkeepers, or general laborers. "Trade was always conducted on a small scale." This was because each merchant was responsible for himself. The large trading place was between the Forum and the Tiber. The tradesmen and the bankers worked together. The artisans and craftsmen had their own district. If people were in the same trade, they would join together to form a collegia. When children were born, they were placed at the front of their father's house, so the father could inspect the baby. The father could accept or reject the child. To accept the child, the father would pick it up. The baby is given a name eight or nine days later. Children were sent to school at about age six or seven. "The Twelve Tables decreed that a man might only sell his son three times." There are tree types of marriage in Rome. Parents permission was required for all marriages. One was the confarreatio, which was a religious ceremony. The bride and groom would eat cake. The second type of marriage was coemptio, which means purchase. The last type of marriage was called usus. Women could never be totally independent. If she wasn't under the authority of a husband, then she was owned by her father. "Divorces were very common." Rome was a very advanced city. It was also very strong. Even though it was strong and advanced, it wasn't very good to live there. They had many problems. We know this from survived writings about Rome. Writers Horace and Juvenal didn't think that the city was very pleasant. Writings about Alexandria and Antioch, smaller cities, made the cities seem like a more pleasant and quieter place than Rome.

Gothic Sample Essays - 3 Reasons Why They Are Great For High School Grads

Gothic Sample Essays - 3 Reasons Why They Are Great For High School GradsYou have probably heard of Gothic style music and movies, but you may not have heard of Gothic sample essays. If you are looking for a way to get into the dark, often frightening world of Gothic literature, you will find that there are many resources to help you in your quest.Gothic literature is usually associated with horror novels. But, as the title suggests, Gothic sample essays are frequently used in high school English classes. There are many advantages to having a Gothic sample essay to use in your assignments. The following three reasons should convince you to consider using one.Gothic samples are generally very well written. This makes them perfect for an essay. Also, they tend to be more descriptive than other types of essays. As you can imagine, this means you will not have to give a very detailed description of the characters, but instead can give a more vivid description of the Gothic world.Gothic s tories can often be very intriguing. If you are not familiar with them, you may not be able to keep up with what is happening. By having a sample essay to use, you will be able to keep up with the story and discover details that may not have been apparent in your writing.Gothic stories and novels can also be very suspenseful. The suspense element is especially important in a sample essay. Most college students find that they are able to go into detail about what is happening in the story much easier when they have a sample essay to work from.When you choose a Gothic sample essay to use, you are giving yourself a good idea of what type of information you will need to provide. The writing style will vary, so you will want to make sure you have a brief overview of the basic elements that are used in these works. This can include romance, suspense, horror, magic, witches, and other aspects of the story. It is not necessary to provide all of these elements, but it is good to provide an i dea of the general tone of the story.It is important to note that choosing a Gothic sample essay is not an easy task. There are many different types and styles to choose from. You will want to make sure that you find a topic that is specific to your needs and that fits within your current writing abilities.There is no doubt that finding a great topic and sample essay will help you greatly in your writing. Try searching the Internet to see if you can find a sample essay for Gothic writing.

buy custom Multiculturalism and Crisis Intervention essay

buy custom Multiculturalism and Crisis Intervention essay This type of counseling is more of collaborative counseling approach. Although it is believed that it is good for a counselor to have background information about the group being counseled, this is not the case as sometimes it is not necessary at all. The point is that a problem which the patient has is related to the culture where one comes from might be general. When the subject of multicultural competence comes in, the counselor is forced to be biased. The implementation of therapist knowledge is solemnly dependent on the condition of the patients but not the culture they come from. Counselors should be highly qualified and able to exercise institutional intervention skills on behalf of the members hence applying counselling approaches through assisting participants in identification of whether the problem stems from bias or racial prejudice. Counselors interact with the members in the language preferred by them and in case this is not possible refer to a person speaking the langu age of the patient. For crisis to be solved, the parties involved must meet and have strategies on how to end the crisis. Solving a problem that engages a group of persons is not solving an individual crisis because the situation leads to aftermath that affects other group members. This issue has led to use of Eco systemic crisis solving model that encompasses the whole region or at least a community. The group intervened should be neutral in order not to favor any side. Mostly, it includes the leader who ommunicates the benefits of conscientious approach of resolving the issue to the affected group. These circumstances help to meet the guide to influence victims on the importance of reaching to a consensus; they should talk of the positive impacts towards the victim concerned. The group mates should try to bring the situation back to how it was before the crisis. Consensus between the parties is the engine, which sustains power and decisions to be identified and addressed to the victims of the crisis. The leader-effecting consensus ought to know how to handle the matter concerning the affected society that will promote coexistence between the ethnic groups. Basing ones arguments on multicultural view, multicultural counseling in relation to racial ethnicity is focused on inferiority model or what may be termed as pathological framework. This model views the minorities or the blacks to be lower than the majority or the whites on the evolutionary scale, thus proved to be more pathology that is inherent. Multicultural standpoint also assumes the blacks, ethnic minority and other racial group to be deficient in desirable genes. As a result, such difference between minority and whites reflects genetic and biological inferiority. It follows that culture is blamed instead of blaming gene that is not common to everybody. Apart from that, deficit notion of cultural component is meaningless due to that everybody in the society inherits the culture. The proponent of multicultural view means that ethnic and racial mminority does not have the proper culture. Hence, ethnic and racial features have shown that minorities are inherently pathological. Only people from a certain culture are tied up by beliefs as well as the benefits of the culture. Socially constructed group means some differences exist in other groups; such differences become important for peoples worth in society. In many cases, different groups gain privileges as compared to others based on the distinguishing of individuals on the ethnic or racial grounds. The distinction concerning ethnic or racial difference may occur for some reasons. However, the main stimulators are usually political, economic and social powers determining who should join the group. The construction of ethnic and racial hierarchies to some groups depends on competition for better resources or the drive for advance privilege. These hierarchical classifications are utilizing to develop and establish dominance or hegemony of the group over others. The interactions of a culture play nearly insignificant role in crisis resolution. The research has shown that crisis is unique because ecological determinant of individual is unique; therefore, it plays minor role in solving crisis issues. The consideration of developmental factors maintains provision of the context by the environmental factors, which include community resources and interpersonal relationship. This obstacle makes it even more complex, therefore, leading to difficulties in the resolution. Buy custom Multiculturalism and Crisis Intervention essay

Education - Project Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Education - Project Report - Essay Example The project was a national youth meeting characterised by a series of discussion groups involving young people, policy makers and stakeholder representatives. The activities focused on young people discussing youth mentoring issues and presenting their views on key issues and themes within youth mentoring. The participants included: fifty young people around from the United Kingdom, youth practitioners and experts in the youth issues and policy makers. The mentoring academy acted as the lead partner in planning and facilitating events. Table of Contents Project Report 1 Executive Summary 1 Table of Contents 2 Project Report 3 Participants 3 Context and Origin of the Project 3 Aims and Objectives 4 Methodology 4 Contribution to Non-Formal Learning 5 Involvement 6 Activities-Youth in Action Programme 6 Budget 9 Discussion 14 Responses 14 Achievement of Aims and Objectives 15 Impacts of the Project 16 Intercultural Dimension 16 European Dimension 17 Current Issues with Mentoring 17 Ment oring as a Government Policy 17 Benefit to the Mentees 18 Recommendations 19 Conclusion 19 References 20 Project Report Mentoring is defined as a direct non-judgmental relationship whereby an individual dedicates time to support another person. Youth mentoring is a concept of youth work that is increasingly being incorporated in various youth sectors such as schools, community youth settings and private sectors. The youth mentoring development project provides young people with opportunities to play an active role in improving the efficiency of mentoring programs. The project was a national youth meeting characteriaed by a series of discussion groups involving young people, policy makers and stakeholder representatives. The activities focused on young people to discussing youth mentoring issues and presenting their views on key issues and themes within youth mentoring. Participants The participants included: fifty young people around from the United Kingdom who comprised of 25 males and 25 females; youth practitioners and experts in the youth field i.e. Clapham Park Project, Northumberland Park Community Project, Lambeth Youth Council and Robert Levy Foundation; and policy makers such as Mentoring Academy, Great London Authority (GLA), Mayor’s Children and Young People’s Unit, The Learning Trust, and members of parliament Chuka Ummuna, David Lammy and Diane Abbott. The mentoring academy acted as the lead partner in planning and facilitating events. Context and Origin of the Project The project has originated from collaboration among different practitioners. It was developed by the mentoring academy with the purpose of engaging and supporting youths from the deprived areas of London. Mentoring has established itself as efficient tools in helping young people faced with the dangers of deprivation, enabling them lead a prosperous life. The project has also been populariaed by the fact that most emerging mentoring programs are being led by youth grou ps and increasingly seeking the services of peer mentors. Additionally, minimal research has been conducted on the needs of the mentees and mentors, and standards for mentoring modules yet many practitioners are demanding for this form of standardiaation. This provided the concept within which the project was developed. Aims and Objectives The principle aim of the research was to ensure that the opinions of the youths were incorporated in development of youth mentorship policies. The objectives

Time and Temporality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Time and Temporality - Essay Example In fact, the mind evolved to understand the world, beginning with recognition, where one fixes perception element into the object itself. Spatial location follows where a spatial map of the neighborhood is constructed, and space becomes the point of reference. The object varies in a fixed space in time. Thus, time is an important scientific element of interpreting the universe. Psychological understanding of change also influences the mathematical and scientific spaces with coordinate systems of reference. Objects could be spatial or temporal; objects in space are assessed regarding space and their variations in space and time. Scientifically, time and space remain distinct. The duality of object-space is, therefore, not validated. Time is not physical, therefore only psychologically measurable. Metaphysics provides the answer why time is non-physical, non-linear. Spatial variations can then be used to explain events such as oscillations, reverberations and cosmic wave patterns. On t he other hand, temporality is a parallel idea. No one understands the idea of temporality. Time does flow with a direction; that the past exists, the present is here, and there is a possible future. Like time, the idea of temporality is crafted in the mind. Objective existence does not exist. The mind constructs the present, the past, and the future; the present is the reference point. A distinction between temporality and time is that whereas interpretation of time depends on cognitive functions.