Additional Fee Order Id # 579453 Example

Extra Fee Order Id # 579453 Example Extra Fee Order Id # 579453 †Essay Example of the of the of the SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL NETWORKING Social systems administration can be named as a demonstration of getting associated with and taking an interest in a system of clients associated basically through a system. The system is frequently settled by a gateway or a site that empowers clients to make their profile on it and lets them get associated with the various clients who are signed into the site. This system of virtual people is hugely huge in size and is a wellspring of various favorable circumstances and impediments. Instances of stages supporting social web profiles are Facebook, Twitter, Orkut LinkdIn and so on. The globalization of today’s world considers it to be with the end goal that for all intents and purposes each individual is associated with the web in one manner or the other. Points AND SCOPE: The points of Social Networks are various. They can be summed up as follows: The spreading out of data and that too in a proficient and opportune way. The upkeep of ideal runtime contact with people over the globe regardless of their physical areas and so forth. The associations through informal communities can be utilized to interconnect people whether it might be for individual or expert purposes. The extent of interpersonal organizations fluctuates broadly. From individual updates to the advertising of your formally propelled proficient item, informal community does it just for you. Its utilization in E-Commerce and explicitly E-Marketing is broad too. End AND RECOMMENDATIONS Expanding ubiquity of informal organizations requests that social morals be made pervasive on the interpersonal organizations. On the off chance that the cons are regulated informal organizations are inescapable from the lives of people. Suggestions for informal organizations are essentially for adolescents. Adolescents are exhorted not to impart their own data to outsiders on open informal communities. WORKS CITED: Waldez, A., The Disadvantages of Modern Technology among the Youth. September 24, 2010. Web. September 4 2011. National School Boards’ Association, Creating and interfacing Research rules on Online Social-and Educational-Networking. 2007. Web. 2011. Sigman, A. All around Connected?: The Biological Implications of Social Networking, Biologist. Feb. 2009. Web. 2011. Sheldrake, P., The Social web examination digital book 2008. 2008. Web. fourth September 2011

Math Tutoring center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Math Tutoring focus - Essay Example In this manner, a Math Tutoring Center in the college would be an invite thought. Numerous American colleges have a Math Tutoring Center where understudies go for additional help with different units in math. A large portion of the Math Tutoring Centers work in a stroll in exit premise whereby, understudies don't have to book for arrangements. This is an extraordinary preferred position for understudies since they can get help at the comfort of their own time. For example, it is important to book a meeting with an instructor and in some cases the arrangement may not appear. In this way, the Math Tutoring Center turns into the best option for understudies. This is a decent inspiration factor to the understudies particularly considering the way that college educators are elusive. Anyway much arithmetic educators and teachers would need to help all understudies, they are restricted by accessibility of time. Furthermore, a few understudies are not open to their speakers. In this manner, understudies would feel increasingly good being aided a Math Tutoring Center. Note that a Math Tutoring focus offers math mentoring in an alternate set up accordingly breaking the class repetitiveness. This makes learning science an intriguing and pleasant undertaking for understudies. Consequently, understudies will be propelled to invest more amounts of energy in adapting particularly thinking about that they won't need to trust that predetermined time will get help. All the more significantly is the way that math coaching focuses cultivate quicker learning in light of the fact that the help is offered in a split second. Math mentoring focuses are basic in giving showing choices in arithmetic. In the first place, science is educated in an unexpected methodology in comparison to the one utilized in class set up. Despite the fact that this may additionally befuddle a few understudies, the distinctive methodological methodology makes it workable for the understudy to comprehend the math ideas in alternate point of view. Furthermore, the coordinated methodology in learning science bolstered in math

History of Culinary Arts Essay Example for Free

History of Culinary Arts Essay The historical backdrop of culinary expressions began in the mid 1800 when the primary cooking school in Boston was built up to show the craft of American cooking and set up the understudies to convey and advance their insight to other people. It was in 1896 Fannie Merritt Farmer distributed the primary cook book; the book was composed alluding the Boston cooking school. In the year 1946 the primary cooking show was broadcasted on the broadcast. After thatJames Beard the dad of American food led ordinary cooking classes focusing on the craft of American cooking. In 1960s the French cooking has been entered the American culture by Julia Child. Later in the year the Culinary Institute of America (CIA) was established and set up this was the principal culinary school that offers vocation based courses obviously in the craft of cooking. The main grounds of the CIA was inNew York and was begun in 1972 and now there are Different sorts of cooking schools that offer various types of preparing projects to its competitors and the choice of the suitable culinary expressions and it tends to be controlled by considering the objectives and interests and help to pick the training programaccordingly. The school was started with the expectation of offering instruction courses in culinary expressions. The school offers both long haul and momentary courses. There are various understudies who take a crack at the CIA and every year and the quantity of candidates increment. Preceding the setting up of the CIA, the individuals who needed to have a profession in culinary expressions commonly needed to experience numerous tests and difficulties like until they become prepared gourmet specialists by picking up hands on trainings. Taking a gander at this today temporary positions and enrollments are among the fundamental basics. .

Islam and the Challenge of Democracy Essay Example for Free

Islam and the Challenge of Democracy Essay Dr. Khaled Abou El Fadl is the most productive of the Islamic masterminds of today’s world. He is an incredible Islamic legal scholar and researcher, and is currently a Professor of Law at the UCLA School of Law giving the understudies information on Islamic law, Immigration, Human Rights, International and National Security Law. His Islam and the Challenge to Democracy is the mission to discover various inquiries and differed answers in setting up the connection between the standards so cherished in Democracy and Islamic political and strict inhabitants. To propound the connection between the Islam and majority rule government is anything but a direct as it includes the profound and careful comprehension of the strict and political structures of the Islamic world and Democracy in its substance. Dr Khaled says that issue of majority rule government in the Islamic universe of today is in effect fervently discussed and there are both star and enemies of renditions to this issue rival one another and the greatest test before the advocators is to advance the vision of social equity and confidence. The absolute first segment just of his most profile book Islam and the Challenge of Democracy straight forwardly says that he doesn't accept as what other Muslim advocators state that Islam has brought forth Democracy however different components of Democracy are available in the Islam and we can say that Islam also bolsters Democracy. In this undertaking, he resisted the perspective on radical Islamists just as solidified Islamophobes who state that as God is sovereign ace of entire Universe, in this way the standards of Democracy don't remain constant for the Islamic world. El Fadl balances that there is no uncertainty of the way that the God is the sovereign force in the Universe yet this is God who has offered to the people, the ability to conceive the option to shape rules to oversee themselves as delegates or khulafa. Truth be told Islam additionally puts stock in a type of government, that offers capacity to the individuals, straightforwardness in the dynamic through shura’ and there is a toleration for any differences and questions emerging out of any standard and rules are responsible to his subjects for any activities. El Fadl trusts in the plan of the fundamental moral qualities, and rights for every single individual on this Earth. He centers that Islam ought to define the laws through ijtihad on which shari‘ah doesn’t have anything to state. He accentuated on the significance of defining the maslaha or the ‘public good’ and ahkam al-shari‘ah or ‘expediency laws’ to visualize new perspective to build up the comprehension of giving equivalent rights to each one. He concedes that any understanding of Islamic precepts, which has been translated by Islamic strict heads or Islamic strict pioneers can't be held as simple will of the awesome force or God. He intensely restricts the arrangement of the Islamic express that has all the rights to shape the Shari’ah, on the grounds that he is completely mindful of the way that no person can decipher the desire of the God or awesome force. On the off chance that this is done, it will prompt misconception or extremely constrained comprehension of the connection or connection between the Islam and will of God and this thusly would mean attempting to get equivalent to God and that’s the greatest sin. This will additionally prompt definitive and abusive state. He said that albeit Muslim legal advisers characterized and defined number of political frameworks, yet there is nothing explicit referenced in Qur’an about any structure that Government wishes to take. Be that as it may, Qur’an recognizes social and political qualities which structure the premise in a field of Muslim governmental issues. Three qualities that are so cherished in the Islamic confirmation: â€Å"Are: seeking after equity through social collaboration and common help (Qur’an 49:13; 11:119); building up a non-despotic, consultative technique for administration; and organizing leniency and sympathy in social cooperations (6:12, 54; 21:107; 27:77; 29:51; 45. 20)†. (El Fadl, Democracy and Divine Sovereignty, 2) Overall Muslims should frame the legislature that would help in supporting these qualities. As he stated, â€Å"Qur’an says that God has gave every single person an awesome force by making them emissaries of God on this planet: He says, â€Å"Remember, when your Lord said to the heavenly attendants: ‘I need to put a vicegerent on earth,’ they stated: ‘Will you place one there who will make issue and shed blood, while we articulate Your reiterations and purify Your name? ’ And God stated: ‘I comprehend what you don't know’† (2:30). (El Fadl, The Case for Democracy, 3) Institutionally it very well may be brought up that the ulama, or Jurists can go about as translators of the expressions of God and characterize what is good and what acts are corrupt for the people. Each expression of them is the voice of the God. In any case, the law of the state requests that no religion can be forced on the working of the state since laws of the state have been detailed by the people as indicated by their own impulses and state itself. Also, consequently in his own words, â€Å"Democracy is a suitable framework for Islam since it the two communicates the exceptional worth of human beingsâ€the status of vicegerencyâ€and simultaneously denies the condition of any affectation of heavenliness by finding extreme expert in the hands of the individuals instead of the ‘ulama†. (El Fadl, Shari‘ah and the Democratic State, 20) Finally he says that instructors attempt to enthuse in the spirit of the individuals the virtues of Qu’ran and prompt the general public to turn towards will of God. Be that as it may, in this universe of today, if an individual is ethically solid yet can't soak up by full grandness of God yet at the same time has confidence in the crucial privileges of people, despite everything must be liable to the desire of God. It’s not simply the hallucination of the El Fadl’s sees yet in addition the vision of the few researchers on the most significant and complex subject, Islam and the Challenge of Democracy. The second segment of the book comprises of short reactions to El Fadl’s paper by a few researchers. Nader A. Hashemi says that the most unmistakable perspective to El Fadl is his conviction that Democracy can be conceivable in Islamic nations, with this he refuted, the fiercely held conviction that Islam isn't perfect to majority rule government. He further said that this thought has increased tremendous prominence after September 11. He expresses that greatest test before the Islamic countries is the decision that they need to make between the modernization and enthusiasm and the eventual fate of the Middle East all relies upon which of them will go for a more extended period. John Esposito upheld that El Fadl shows mind boggling and different way by which Qur’an can be deciphered by the strict fundamentalists, devotees and government officials to satisfy their different social and political thought processes. Jeremy Waldron acknowledges El Fadl’s investigation of the hypothesis of the Islamic majority rules system. Jeremy says that El Fadl conceptualized in the most eloquent manner the issue of the Islamic custom and the manner by which he balances about the governmental issues and the standard of law in the milieu of the medieval age and how these contemplations were so predominant in the early present day thought in the Christian time. Additionally, how the good and moral qualities with regards to great administration needed to battle to make its place before scriptural power and religious standard. The most suffering thing was that these thoughts became out of the dishonored condition as well as really continued introducing itself by strict thoughts and clerical practices. Muqtedar Khan discusses the â€Å"Pact of Medina†, which was marked between the Prophet and Jews and the agnostics of the town. This agreement he said could be used to give the Islamic world the model for majority rule government and pluralism. In this settlement, all the gatherings were ensured equivalent rights and equivalent duties. Resounding El Fadl, he pinpointed that Islam ought to be made an image of moral qualities and good standards and ought to take care of the considerable number of issues from the new viewpoint and new fair point of view. In any case, Saba Mahmood censured Fadl on the purpose of progression. She says that very idea of progression is brimming with logical inconsistencies and the impediments that follow. She further says that he concentrated more on privileges of people than on network in general. El Fadl additionally overlooked the human rights infringement that follow progression, which are generally well known in the most changed states like United States of America. Indeed, even Kevin Reinhart renounces same voice as Saba Mahmood by saying that El Fadl overlooked the indispensable purpose of what the Western countries gained from their changed methodology in their relations with different nations including Islamic countries. The entire changed methodology relies upon polices of Westernized countries and the military mediations of the USA in Islamic nations imperiled entire idea of majority rule government and advancement. William Quandt too said that the nonappearance of majority rules system in the Islamic nations don't lie in their religion point of view however the issue lies within the sight of monarchical or authoritarian systems in these nations, which somewhat or all are sponsored by the Western forces. In William Quandt sees lie the entire push of the issue in the Islamic nations. The prerequisite is the political and basic changes in the Islamic world that would realize social and financial upliftment from the vision of majority rules system, which El Fadl, all the erudite people and researchers concur won’t be invited by either the decision system or the Western partners. With everything taken into account, Islam and the Challenge of Democracy is the most intriguing book fit to be investigated and considered in each strict and political field of the Islamic world. WORKS CITED El Fadl, Abou Khaled. Islam and the Challenge of Democracy: Can singular rights and well known s

Defining “Soldier” An Analysis of the Use of Military Terminology in 18th Century Literature - Literature Essay Samples

Gender and economics were no less intertwined during the eighteenth century than they are today. In the world of emerging paper currency and capitalism, many issues were coming to light for the first time, and so it comes as little surprise that the literature of the day so often focused on economic problems. But not all the issues addressed in eighteenth century literature were new ones. Some, like the economics of the human body, have been present as far back as we can trace in history. Often, this issue is addressed in literature in the form of female prostitution, and eighteenth century literature is no different. However, present in many texts is another form of selling one’s body—that of the soldier, and military service as an economic transaction. For the purposes of this essay, sale of the body will be defined as a circumstance in which the entire transaction revolves around the physical form, in which both buyer and seller are willful participants, and in which the body itself is made vulnerable and placed at the mercy of the buyer. I will be analyzing the depiction of soldiers in Aphra Behn’s The Rover and George Farquhar’s The Recruiting Officer. I argue that the sale of the body for military purposes was not viewed entirely favorably in eighteenth century works. While perhaps not so vilified as prostitutes in their time, the soldiers depicted in the aforementioned plays act as caricatures or satirical figures rather than believable characters. This is highlighted through word choice—the use of the word â€Å"soldier† as opposed to its supposed synonyms draws a clear distinction between the honorable military man and those who act for money alone. While not entirely equivalent to prostitution, this distinction implies something of a correlation between the noble warrior and the genuine lover versus the â€Å"soldier† as defined in this essay and the prostitute. While the former set of figures acts on p rinciple and from a moral grounding, the latter figures abandon their own principles in favor of profit. This abandonment, regardless of whether it is the product of desperate circumstance, is likely the root of the distaste toward both soldiers and prostitutes found in 18th century literature. The use of the word â€Å"soldier† as opposed to related words like â€Å"warrior† or â€Å"fighter† is integral to this discussion. According to Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary, which provides us with the most contemporary definitions of the chosen vernacular in the text, â€Å"soldier† stems from the French soldat and the low Latin solidus. â€Å"Soldier† is defined as â€Å"a fighting man, a warrior. Originally one who served for pay.† Interestingly, the etymology of the word gives far more insight into its connection with economics than its definition does. The low Latin solidus referred not to the soldier himself, but rather specifically to his pay (Johnson 1877). The very concept of the soldier is inherently intertwined with ideas of money; this is in stark contrast with the traditional ideals of the warrior as being loyal, honorable, or courageous. Also of note is that Johnson includes the caveat that the term â€Å"soldier† is generally used for the common man, distinct from his commanders. This implies an interconnectivity between status and sacrificing one’s morals for money. While the higher ranking military members might have the privilege of upholding whatever principles they choose, those of lower standing are forced to follow the commands of their superiors in order to make ends meet. The characters in Aphra Behn’s The Rover are referred to as soldiers only a handful of times. The first of these is of particular note, occurring early in the play, when Florinda says: I’ll not deny I value Belvile: when I was expos’d to such Dangers as the licens’d lust of common Soldiers threatned, when Rage and Conquest flew thro the City—then Belvile, this Criminal for my sake, threw himself into all Dangers to save my Honour, and will you not allow him my Esteem? (Behn 6) In this line, we see soldiers used in fairly derogatory terms. Paired with words like â€Å"common† and â€Å"lust,† it creates a less-than-favorable image of the soldier as a vile and unrefined figure in Florinda’s mind. The word is juxtaposed with her description of Belvile as her savior, who she defines as a criminal for her own sake as opposed to using any more traditional heroic imagery. Through this, Behn paints the soldiers as more lowly than crimin al. Although their actions would have been considered acceptable in their circumstance, and Belvile’s considered the act of a traitor in hindering them, it is the soldiers who are truly at fault. We see that the morality of the soldiers is reined in by the superior; it is understood that they are not only obliged to his guidance in having sold themselves, but in need of it. Independent of Belvile, they demonstrate little in the way of moral values. The only other instance of the word â€Å"soldier† appearing in dialogue occurs when Angellica first addresses Willmore: â€Å"You Sir in Buff, you that appear a Soldier, that first began this Insolence† (Behn 25). This occurs in the midst of a confrontation between the Spaniards and the cavaliers, and so it is obvious there is no real honor in Angellica’s addressing him as such; it is a simple descriptor based upon his clothing. It is possible this might also be interpreted as insult. In addressing an Officer instead as a soldier, she implies he is lower in status and perhaps in moral grounding. Despite his rank, Willmore does not demonstrate honor, and thereby is deemed undeserving of any rank higher than soldier according to 18th century standards. It is important to note that although both Belvile and Willmore are both banished English soldiers, Belvile is referred to far more often in the text as â€Å"cavalier.† Willmore is only classified as such when the group is referenced collectively as â€Å"cavaliers†Ã¢â‚¬â€he is never independently defined as one. It is possible this is connected to his higher rank—Belville being a Captain whereas Willmore is an Officer—but it is evidenced in the play’s subtitle that both are indeed â€Å"cavaliers,† and therefore could both be referred to as such. According to Johnson’s dictionary, there were a handful of connotations behind the word, but the most relevant seems to be the third: â€Å"The appellation of the party of King Charles the Fifth† (343). This is the definition most closely related to The Rover’s alternate title, The Banished Cavaliers. It would have been obvious to contemporary audiences that this meant they we re supporters of king Charles during the English civil war, which explains their relocation from England. This suggests some of the loyalty and honor expected of those who ranked above soldier; Belvile demonstrates this not only in title, but also in action, whereas Willmore does not. Of the other definitions used in the dictionary, â€Å"a horseman; a knight† offers some minor insight into the connotations of sale or economic exchange understood to be related to the term â€Å"cavalier†. To be a horseman or a knight implies a higher standing due to the cost of horses, which he would have been expected to provide himself (Oakeshott 14). Unlike â€Å"soldier†, the connotations behind the word â€Å"cavalier† are largely positive, implying a higher standing in society and greater adherence to own’s own morals. This brings us to the respective roles played by Belvile and Willmore, and how they fit into certain stereotypes. Belvile, and his relationship with Florinda by extension, fit into a very flighty and idealized perspective. Belvile is gallant, romantic, and honorable—everything Behn seems to think soldiers are not, which is why he is never referred to as a soldier throughout the play. Willmore represents a less romanticized reality. Willmore is not at all romanticized, acting far more in line with reality than his counterpart. His status within society, and the ultimate ending he receives, are not dependent on his conduct throughout the play. He is unreliable, crass, and promiscuous. He behaves in line with how the soldiers are described in Florinda’s line early in the play: lustful and common. It makes sense, then, that Willmore is the only of the two that should be defined as a â€Å"soldier† within the characters’ discussions. Belvile being most commonly referred to as â€Å"cavalier† is dependent upon his own good behavior. This brings one to question how economics might be acting within these understandings. If the soldier, as understood by Johnson’s definition, is one who is fighting for money, then it is safe to assume that there would be little standard as to his own conduct. The soldier is not required to be brave, honorable, or trustworthy. He is merely required to fight, and expects to be paid for it. This is why Willmore is able to get away with his behavior; it is for the same reason that Belvile does not fall into this category, as his actions as a military figure are not dependent upon money alone. Returning once more to the dictionary, examples given for use of the word â€Å"soldier† do not point toward any honor associated with the term. One of interest is drawn from Shakespeare’s Cymbeline, and goes as follows: â€Å"This attempt I’m soldier to, and will abide by it with a prince’s courage† (Johnson 1877). Here, we see that the idea of courage is associated not with the term â€Å"soldier,† but rather with â€Å"prince.† It highlights the origins of the term as not associated with acts of bravery or prowess while simultaneously drawing a comparison between stations that places the higher rank as more virtuous than the lower. Could this be because of the economic connotations and the association between soldiership and sale of the body? It is difficult to say with any degree of certainty, but it certainly seems to imply that the idea of a soldier was not one of any great courage or virtue during the 18th century. This leads us to question the significance of the role reversal that takes place between Angellica and Willmore. In their exchange, Angellica ultimately gives Willmore money as opposed to the other way around, despite the fact that Angellica is the prostitute (Behn 34). This seems to hint at the correlation between soldiering and prostitution. It also furthers the argument that the true sale of the body occurs when one sacrifices one’s morals. Willmore, in seducing Angellica through his own deception, has assumed the role of the prostitute. It is therefore only fitting that he should be the one receiving pay. Angellica, on the other hand, believes herself to be in love. She acts not for money but rather for her own beliefs, and it would therefore be inappropriate for her to receive pay for these actions. This undoubtedly is meant as a commentary on the relationship between their two professions. As a â€Å"soldier,† Willmore’s actions are driven by concern only f or himself and never for any particular virtue. In this way, the soldier is very much a parallel for the stereotype of the prostitute, which Angellica herself is attempting in this scene to shrug off. It is not to The Rover alone that this analysis might be applied. George Farquhar’s The Recruiting Officer is a relatively contemporary text dealing in related issues. Within the opening lines of the text, we see the word soldier being used once more in a derogatory sense, and by a military character, Kite: â€Å"For you must know, gentlemen, that I am a man of honour: besides, I don’t beat up for common soldiers; no, I list only grenadiers; grenadiers, gentlemen† (Farquhar 164). Once more, we see the rank of soldier being placed beneath all others. It is depicted as something less favorable than other titles, and it comes as little wonder that the figure of the rake—here, present in Captain Plume as it is also present in Willmore in The Rover—is once more referred to as soldier repeatedly throughout the text, despite the actual rank he holds. This further emphasizes the correlation between sexual promiscuity and soldiering, which in turn further al igns the soldier with the prostitute. It is worth noting, however, that The Recruiting Officer does not use â€Å"soldier† in so consistent a negative sense as The Rover does. There is an occurrence of the word being used as a positive descriptor, but it is quickly shot down. This happens in an exchange between Captain Brazen and Melinda. The latter refers to soldiers as â€Å"the best bred men,† to which Brazen replies: â€Å"Some of us, madam; but there are brutes among us too, very sad brutes; for my own part, I have always had the good luck to prove agreeable† (Farquhar 196). Brazen goes on to brag about his own character and prospects in a very foppish manner, and therefore could be argued to discredit his own character just as much as he attempts to discredit others. It is possible this is presented as a way of addressing any counterargument in defense of soldiers—we see someone speak highly of soldiers within the text, and we even see it acknowledged that there are both good and bad men that might be defined as such, but ultimately the opinions of neither character are entirely reliable and thus the reader must once again conclude that the word â€Å"soldier† is filled with negative connotation. While this perception of soldiers as being of poor character seems to be pervasive in eighteenth century texts, it is not without explanation. Mary Wollstonecraft attempted to draw a comparison between the position of soldiers and women in society in her essay A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, where she states: â€Å"As proof that education gives this appearance of weakness to females, we may instance the example of military men, who are, like them, sent into the world before their minds have been stored with knowledge and fortified by principles† (Norton 500). She goes on to explain that both soldiers and women are educated only superficially, retaining bits and pieces of knowledge that they overhear in conversation and understand through interaction, but rarely understanding anything at a deeper level than can be understood through casual observation. The most important part of this argument in defining the attitude toward soldiers is the concept Wollstonecraft introduce s of manners before morals—that is, that soldiers learn how to present themselves without understanding any substance or standard behind it. This serves as explanation for the lecherous and rakish depiction of soldiers in eighteenth century literature. While characters like Willmore and Captain Plume know enough to present themselves well in certain social situations, they are in reality lacking in moral understanding and therefore tend to behave in a lowly fashion. It comes as little surprise, then, that a society that placed so much value on virtue and morality would frown upon soldiers. At best they are naà ¯ve, and at worst they are ignorant. The use of the term â€Å"soldier† throughout texts like The Rover and The Recruiting Officer is inconsistent with our use of the term in the modern world. The 18th century â€Å"soldier† was understood, at least in literature, to be driven by money and personal profit over anything resembling virtue or honor, much in the same way as a prostitute might have been. The characters in these plays are a stereotype, juxtaposing the ignorance in characters like Willmore against the more gallant and heroic archetype of Belvile, in order to offer a commentary on the â€Å"soldier† versus the honorable military man of good standing. Ultimately, neither can be interpreted as an entirely accurate depiction of the military figure. Both play into a preconceived notion of how â€Å"soldier† should be defined. While this might offer some insight into the prejudices of the 18th century, it must be observed with some skepticism. Theatre is known for its caricatures and satirical nature; to determine whether the biases present in 18th century plays were pervasive in contemporary society would require additional research. Nevertheless, it is clear that the â€Å"soldier† did act as one of these archetypical figures within the theatre, however representative of the attitudes of society this might have been. Works Cited Barker, Hannah and Elaine Chalus. â€Å"Men About Town: Representations of Foppery and Masculinity in Early Eighteenth-Century Urban Society.† Gender in Eighteenth-Century England: Roles, Representations and Responsibilities, Longman, 1997. Print. Behn, Aphra. â€Å"The Rover.† The Rover and Other Plays, Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 1-88. Print. Farquhar, George. â€Å"The Recruiting Officer.† The Recruiting Officer and Other Plays, Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 159-242. Print. Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language: A Digital Edition of the 1755 Classic by Samuel Johnson. Edited by Brandi Besalke. 6 December, 2012. Web. 1 November 2017. Oakeshott, Ewart. A Knight and His Horse. Dufour Editions, 1998, pp. 11-14. Print. Tallett, Frank. â€Å"Soldiers in Western Europe, c. 1500-1790.† Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000, edited by Erik-Jan Zà ¼rcher, Amsterdam University Press, 2013, pp. 135–168. Web. 15 November 2017. Wollstonecraft, Mary. â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Women.† Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, W.W. Norton and Company Inc., 2010, pp. 496-504. Print.

My Big Fat Greek Wedding - Free Essay Example

I watched My Big Fat Greek Wedding (Goetsman, Hanks, Wilson, Zwick, 2002). As Allport (1985) explained, social psychology scientifically studies how peoples feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are affected by other people. For example, family, friends, teachers, and strangers may influence a person. The person influencing the behavior may be physically present, but it is not necessary. In short, social situations play a big role in shaping people and how they develop. Social influence provides a way for people to influence the behavior of other people; social influence occurs because of the manner in which the changed person perceives his relationship with the person exerting the influence. People behave in a manner that they hope will result in the approval of friends and family (Aronson, Wilson, Akert Sommers, 2016). My Big Fat Greek Wedding demonstrated the power of social influence. Unlike all of her cousins who got married to Greeks and started their own families, Toula is an unmarried 30-year-old; she is a nice Greek girl, but she is considered a failure in her culture. Everybody is concerned about Toula and her future. Suddenly, one day it happens; Toulas luck changes, and she meets a nice guy, but he is not Greek. Toula realizes the power of her familys social influence, and she realizes that she needs to escape from her family. As she starts her journey, she finally leaves her familys restaurant and embarks on a journey by deciding that she will go to college. Toula certainly breaks tradition by doing this; she dares to venture where none of the other Portokalos women have gone. In her family, women do not go to college. Because of her fear, Toula did not want to let her father know about her educational goals and dreams. Toula saw her college degree as the first step in her personal journey. With a degree, she would be able to find a good job; this would u ltimately lead to her independence. Upon learning that she was enrolled in college, Toulas dad was heartbroken. His vision for Toula was different; he wanted her to be the perfect wife for her future husband. This idea of social influence also illustrates the gender inequality that Greek women experience. Greek women do not enjoy the opportunity to climb the social ladder; instead, they are expected to be housewives. In the Portokalos house, it was expected that Toula would have permission from her father for whatever she did. Mr. Portokalos personified the idea that control was left to the man of the house. In exerting his influence, he attempted to impose norms on Toula. Eventually, Toula succeeds in convincing her aunt to give her a job. While working for her aunt, Toula meets Ian Miller; while she finds Ian very attractive, he is not Greek. As they begin to date, it quickly becomes apparent that they have a major culture clash. Toula worries about Ians ability to handle her large, extended family. Ian is the all-American boy from next door, and he is not at all familiar with the Greek culture and the social influences that the entire family has over Toula. While Toula knows what is in store for Ian, he has no idea about the doubt and outrage that he will have to endure before he can ever be accepted by her family. In fact, Toula worries about her familys reaction and knows that their social influence is so strong that she is not able to decide if her dad will be more upset that Ian does not eat meat or that he is not Greek. Since she was a young girl, Toula felt the social influences imposed by her extended family. The members of the Portokalos have always been close, and everybody is always involved in everyone elses life. From the time she was a young girl at school, Toula demonstrates that she is not happy about all of the Greek traditions and influences. At school, we see Toulas discomfort with her Greek culture; we start to recognize that she does not feel a sense of belonging with the other kids at school. Meanwhile, Toula is torn because of her familys social influence; they majorly embrace their Greek roots and their Greek culture. Her Greek family members are not influenced by the American way of life; they totally reject it in favor of their Greek culture. However, Toula is torn; we watch her struggle because she does not want to be different the other kids with whom she has grown up. Instead, Toula prefers to be a part of the dominant American culture. As a young girl, Toula understood social influences and their impact on gender roles in the Greek culture. As a woman, she would be expected to say home; it would be her duty to cook and clean while taking care of the children. Furthermore, she would be expected to marry a Greek man. As her husband, he would be in charge of his household; he would have the control within the family. He would be expected to be the breadwinner; he would be expected to protect his family. Because she had grown up in America, Toula had other ideas. She had experienced social influences from people other than her Greek family; she had a lot of social influence from the American children with whom she went to school. As a result of the combined social influences she had experienced, Toula knew she wanted something different for her future. As Toula begins to date Ian, we see the differences in how social influences have impacted the two of them and their lives. With Toula, we witness the closeness and bonds in her extended family; the family becomes a community of its own. Toula never forgets about her fathers expectations; they are constantly on her mind. Through the power of social influence, Toula recognizes the traditional Greek values. She knows that her dad expects her to be like her cousins; she needs to marry a nice Greek boy and start having children. Through the power of social influence, the younger family members have learned what it means to be Greek, and they have learned the familys expectations. For the older generations, the social influence was so strong that they just did it without ever thinking about it. Toula faces an internal struggles; she knows that it will be viewed as a taboo in her large Greek family if she breaks theirs traditions; she feels the social influences at work in her life, and sh e wants to make her own choices, but she cannot stop thinking about her familys reaction. As Toula and Ian continue to date, we see many other examples of social influence. For example, Toula had not told her parents about Ian; she had been afraid to tell them. Her parents only learned about her boyfriend when one of their friends told them that they had seen Toula kissing a man in a public place. Toulas fears came true; her dad was not happy when he learned about Ian because he was not Greek. In fact, Toulas parents tell her that she has to end the relationship. While Toula maintains her love for Ian, Mr. and Mrs. Portokalos devise a plan; they continue to introduce Toula to eligible Greek men, but the plan does not work. Again, the power of social influence is at work when her parents are trying to set her up on dates with the idea that one of them will ultimately be Toulas husband. Eventually, Ian proposes to Toula, and they get engaged. Toulas dad was very unhappy when Ian failed to ask for permission to date Toula so he was obviously even more upset with the impending wedding. Ian recognizes the power of social influences and how important certain customs are to Toulas family; therefore, he makes a concerted effort to adopt some of the Greek customs. At one point, Toula proposed that they elope; however, Ian refused to entertain the idea. In trying to honor the Greek customs, Ian recognized that it was important to Toulas family for her to be married in their religion. Toula knew that she was not allowed to marry Ian in the Greek Orthodox Church; in order for them to be married there, Ian would have to convert to Greek Orthodox. Later, viewers witness Ian being baptized; through the ceremony, he was spiritually cleansed. Thus, he was able to be recognized as a part of the Greek culture. When Ian converted and became a part of the Greek culture, Mr. and Mrs. P ortokalos appreciate his efforts, and they finally welcomed him into their family. As Ian makes this transformation, viewers see how important the social influences of Toulas family were for Ian; he clearly grasped the importance of converting and was willing to do that to have Toula and her love. Ian had learned that Toulas family was loud and outspoken. While Toula worried what Ian might think about her family, she clearly loved them, and Ian loved her. With the conversion ceremony behind them, they moved forward with their wedding plans. As they prepared for the big day, Toula worried about all of her female family members. Knowing how her family members like to get into each others business, she knew that the other women would immerse themselves into her wedding plans regardless of what she and Ian thought about it. Toula was not totally surprised when she learned that Nikki, her cousin, took it upon herself to choose the dresses of the bridesmaids without consulting Toula; again, this is another demonstration of social influences at work in her Greek culture. Nick, Toulas brother, gives Ian a warning; if Ian ever does anything to hurt Toula, Nick will kill him. Because they know that Ian is trying to fit into the family and adopt Greek customs, her cousins play games and get Ian to say tasteless things in Greek. Ian is not Greek, but he has come to the realization of the importance of the role of the extended family; therefore, he willingly participates and repeats whatever the cousins tell him without giving it an y thought. He has come recognized the importance of social influences within the large family, and he makes his best effort to become one of them. Before the big day, Toula decides that it would be a good idea for her parents to meet the Millers, Ians parents. Knowing that Mr. and Mrs. Miller are very quiet and reserved, Toula invites them to dinner. Recognizing the power of social influences and knowing the differences between the two families, Toula is adamant that the dinner will only include Ian, his parents, her parents and her. The social influences that impact the Millers are totally different; thus, she knows that six people at the dinner table will be more than enough for Mr. and Mrs. Miller; she worries that her extended family will be too much for them to handle. She also wants a small and simple dinner. Toula thinks the plans are all in place, and she believes that they have agreed to the dinner as she planned it. Imagine Toulas surprise when she and Ian show up at her parents house, and they are greeted by her extended family; Toula worries about the Millers and how they will react. With no understanding of Greek c ulture, Mr. and Mrs. Miller are quite surprised with the events of the evening. When the Mr. and Mrs. Miller spend the evening with the Portokalos family, we see more social influences at work in the movie. Clearly, the Portokalos family is a collective unit; meanwhile, the Miller family would be viewed as individualistic. In the Portokalos family, individuals do not just make decisions or take actions on their own; they cherish their roles as members of the family. As the Portokalos family demonstrated, the familys needs are more important than the individuals needs. When there is a decision to be made, the entire family participates; everybody has a chance to offer their opinions, even when nobody asks for them. They were a very close family, and they all genuinely care about one another; their actions are based in care and love. As illustrated in the movie, Toula and Ian had hoped to make their wedding plans as a couple; however, that did not come to fruition. Instead, we saw that the entire Portokalos family participated in the wedding plans. They were event ually forced to sit back and allow the participation while hoping for the best. On the other hand, the Millers are portrayed in a different light. As the movie showed, the Miller family only included Ian and his parents; there was not an extended family participating and making decisions for one another. When Toula first met her future in-laws, you could see her reaction; she is clearly surprised by the stark contrast between her family and Ians family. When you meet the Greek family, you are meeting a very large group; you would not ever expect to meet just two people when the word family is used. Social influences are in play again toward the movies end. Specifically, Ian serves as a great example to show the power of social influences. During the time that he has dated Toula, he has grown more familiar and has become more acclimated to the Greek way of life. For instance, we see him trying to speak Greek words. We see him learning to dance in the same fashion that they do. We see him trying to use Greek expressions. He has started engaging in Greek traditions. We also saw how he changed religions for Toula because it was so important to her family. He also made sure that they had a big wedding out of respect to her family even when she wanted to elope. Even as staunch as they were, we see how social influences have impacted Ians parents; they even participated in some of the Greek activities as a result of social influences. Social influences were constantly at work. Toula and Ian came from two different worlds. This movie was a great example to illustrate differences in expectations and perspectives. Clearly, Toula and Ian were constantly impacted by the social influences†family, friends, fellow students†surrounding them. As Toula demonstrated repeatedly, those social influences can play a great role without even being physically present. With his ever-present authoritarian personality, Mr. Portokalos often influenced Toula without being with her. However, there are times when people will act on their own accord and ignore social influences; we saw Toula do this when she started dating Ian. Despite the social influences of generations, we saw how much love that Mr. and Mrs. Portokalos had for Toula, and they wanted to see her happy. Eventually, we saw other social influences at work as Toulas big Greek family eventually accepted Ian as one of their own. Despite all of their differences and a ll of the social influences, we saw Toula and Ian together as husband and wife. During the reception, Mr. Portokalos gave a moving speech in which he welcomed Ian and the Millers into their big Greek family. As he concluded his remarks, he presented the newlyweds with the deed to their new house; ironically, it is right beside her parents house; that clearly demonstrates how strong social influence is in Greek families. As the movie illustrated, Toulas and Ians families were joined together through social influences and marriage. References: Allport, G. W. (1985). The historical background of social psychology. In G. Lindzey E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (3rd ed, Vol. 1, pp. 1-46). New York: McGraw-Hill. Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., Akert, R. M., Sommers, S. R. (2016). Social psychology. Boston: Pearson. Goetsman, G. (Producer), Hanks, T. (Producer), Wilson, R. (Producer), Zwick, J. (Director) (2002). My big fat Greek wedding [Motion picture]. United States: IFC Films.

I Interviewed My Father, Reynaldo Martinez - 1091 Words

I interviewed my father, Reynaldo Martinez, who is a 53 year old Salvadoran immigrant and has lived in the United States for 33 years. I posed the topic question of how the treatment of Latinos and Hispanics have changed over his time in the United States, and if it has gotten worse or better. His overall view was that the current political and social environment can sometimes be harsh right now to Latinos, and in his opinion discrimination towards them has gotten worse. He said, â€Å"I think there’s an underlying resentment about the direction the country is going.† The resentment being that some seem to blame Latinos and immigrants are contributing to the decline of the country. He thinks major developments and national world events have†¦show more content†¦After being in the states for ten years, he applied for citizenship. He said he could have at seven years, but he did not feel he had a big rush to do that. I asked if he would have felt a bigger rush to apply for citizenship now if he came later than then because of the way people see immigrants now, and he said more than likely he would have. He was not illegal though. He was a legal resident that could do much of what a citizen could, but he could not vote. When he and his brothers came from El Salvador, they lived in Brooklyn, New York for a while. It was a polish community; a neighborhood of immigrants. He did not face any problems there. Then they moved to Manhattan into a predominately black and Puerto Rican community. The issues he was concerned with was security and safety issues. Since he lived in minorities neighborhoods he did not face much discrimination. In 1993, my father, mother, and one year old sister moved to North Carolina. There he faced some more prominent discrimination. My father was making phone calls to check for listings for apartments that were for rent in Raleigh. A lady answered and he told her his name. With his name and accent she could probably tell he was Latino. She had told him that they prefer not to rent to Latinos, which was disheartening to hear. I asked him if he thought that could still occur today. He replied, â€Å"I hope not, but

Poverty Is The Mother Of Crime - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1491 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Poverty Essay Did you like this example? Poverty isnt the mother of crime. However it is one noteworthy benefactor. Crime exists, since individuals need something they dont have, and are not willing to comply with the law(s) on the books to get it. What poverty does is, it decreases the things needy individuals have accessible to them, along these lines offering undeniably more things for needy individuals to want†and substantially more inspiration to them to carry out a crime to get it. Along these lines, more needy individuals perpetrate crimes than individuals who arent. Be that as it may, this is definitely not a causal relationship, it is a parallel one. Similar variables that reason poverty are the elements that expansion crime rates among poor populaces. That is the reason just tossing cash at poor networks doesnt help. Until the point that we address the elements that reason the poverty itself, we cant address the existing together crime rates. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Poverty Is The Mother Of Crime" essay for you Create order Poverty isnt the mother of crime. It is just home to it. Poverty isnt having a job, fear for the future and living for one day at a time. Poverty is feebleness, absence of opportunity. Individuals in evident poverty come up short on the fundamental things of being a living person. This makes them frantic. Urgent individuals will effectively get what they require. It is science. I have a straightforward investigation that may encourage you (or anybody with a similar inquiry) to get it. Think about a food that you truly dont like. I am not discussing the food that disturbs or sickens you, however one that you just truly dont like and that you could never eat. Presently, go three or four days without eating anything. Toward the finish of that period, get a portion of that food that you dont like. How would you respond to it now? Its obvious, while a few criminals are greedy and unenergetic, and keeping in mind that a few people appear to be conceived terrible, numerous individuals in poverty have no real way to get what they require as people outside of taking it. Along these lines, they swing to crime. Not all time Poverty is mother of all crimes and in some cases the rich people also commit crime due to their wealth as they think that their wealth can hide their all crimes. So we can say that crimes are not only associated with poverty as it also have involvement of wealthy and rich people. However there may be a little of positive connection among poverty and crimes. suppose that if you are a poor or an employee with salary , salary that even cannot fulfill your basic needs ,what you will do, you could get baffled or pressured; this pressure would explode any time. Suppose you have children and they are hungry and you dont have cash, what might you do? You might steal cash to feed them. According to relative-deprivation theory, individuals commit crimes to send a signal to the State that the system they are forced to live in is inherently biased against them and their socio-economic standing in the society (Chester, 1976; Hughes and Carter, 1981; Stack, 1984). In this manner, even people with business and real salary gaining opportunity will be slanted towards carrying out crime in light of hardship of essential needs and general imbalance in the public arena. In any case, not all exploration around there passes on that financial variables and crime are positively related. Certain theories hypothesize a negative connection between total or relative poverty and property crime with the under lying clarification that crime dies down with boundless perpetual poverty by bringing returns down to crime. Cohen, Kluegel and Land (1981: 511) state that income inequality results in housing, employment and activity patterns by upper income individuals that lower criminal opportunity. Returns to crime and opportunity theories contend that, controlling for the general income distribution, a reduction in absolute poverty is associated with a proportional growth in all income groups including that of the potential victims and offender. Poverty cant prompt crime or originate from the demonstration of being stupid. No one will want to born poor. It is a power a lot more prominent than what we can imagine that has the ability to compose or change predetermination. Good and bad is given. It is educated. Not all underprivileged take, murder, explicitly assault or perpetrate crime. A perfect example is Oprah Winfrey. She was naturally introduced to poverty in rustic Mississipi. She didnt assault or carry out a crime; rather she ended up a standout amongst the most practiced ladies on the planet. Helping other people who used to resemble her. JK Rowling, a creator of the smash hit, Harry Potter was once on welfare installments. She too did not perpetrate any criminal demonstrations in spite of being poor. Here and there being with next to nothing make oneself more propelled to run, to escape from poverty. As hard and as quick as one can run, in some cases there is no chance to get exit. In all nations and countries there will be a considerable measure of crime and natives breaking a lot of laws. However , this may just occur in times of distress. A period where one can never have enough pay to pay for the necessities throughout everyday life. Along these lines, it is right to take from others with the end goal to get by, to ensure family. Thus poverty is equipped for crime. It is just human nature to do as such. By and by not all poverty prompts crime. Particularly in nations, for example, Australia. Australia being one of the simple not many that give welfare installments to the individuals who dont acquire enough to help themselves or their family. It is up to the low salary workers to utilize and ensure that cash admirably. A simple way out. A getaway course from poverty, the mother of crime. rich individuals likewise do enormous crimes however are not been rebuffed on account of their cash influence. Whats more, the poor ones victimize or take to feed their family as the rich one dont offer occupations to them and subsequently it makes them to be a criminal itself. Numerous individuals who are rich have been picked up that cash by crimes like burglary and so forth. The needy individuals additionally get rebuffed on their crimes and will in general take in an exercise from it however the rich ones utilize their cash to pay the attorneys and to decrease or complete their discipline. The best killers, ruffians and exchanging weapons were truly well off some were previous specialists hijackers seize for no particular reason it might unravel some crime, however greed is dependably around the corner. Mostly are those who were abused by their folks or family members and take out their rage on others. Insights demonstrate that 90% of the time their friends, folks or somebody near them have had a criminal record. A popular thing to say, may be it is true or not, is that, People who rob, rape, and murder do so because they lack a functioning conscience and moral self-control. It is not poverty that causes violent crime, but poor character.2 Different sorts of Poverty, Physical Poverty does not cause crime. Generally, Immigrants are dependably the poorest, however in truth the absolute most joyful to be here. Poverty of the Spirit is the causal factor. Absence of guardians, awful guardians, absence of direction in life prompts Poverty of the soul, which leads to crime. Physical poverty can contribute, however isnt a main driver. Being poor has never been the catalyst for somebody to act criminally. There are numerous crimes propelled by sheer insatiability and which are frequently carried out by individuals who are as of now well-to-do or even inside and out rich. Additionally, there are yet different classifications of crimes which are propelled by various things inside and out. Sex crimes, fo r example, might be the consequence of impulses caused by clinical conditions like paraphilias, or by different sorts of psychological instability. Many top achievers worldwide come from a underprivileged background. The enormous corruption in our country is not committed by the poor, but by people with jobs, food, houses and cars. Wealthy and sometimes very wealthy individuals and even companies commit crime. Who said needy individuals cant be greedy? Some destitute individuals are far more greedy than the rich. Its simply the ethical conviction and control that has the effect. Thinking that the reduction of poverty will solve our crime problem is pie in the sky. The main thing that will change is the criminal will currently have a full stomach when he goes out to murder, assault and take. Crime is digging in for the long haul except if our administration actualizes more serious ramifications for offenders and responsibility. Poverty does not cause crime. Crime causes poverty. If poverty is the mother of crime, lack of good sense is its father.

Hamilton’s Vision Intended for the New Government of...

In 1787, the United States of America Constitution was ratified by two-thirds of the states. The Constitution created a new government in the United States of America that was constructed around the idea of separation of power by the three branches of government with a system of checks and balances. These branches include the executive branch, the bicameral legislative branch and judicial branch. In order to ensure that no branch were to overpower the other two branches, the forefathers of the United States of America created a system of checks and balances. In the new government of the United States of America, the president had a Cabinet with a Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney General and†¦show more content†¦By and large, however, Alexander Hamilton’s vision for the new government of the United States of America was in the country’s best interest. Alexander Hamilton’s goal was to create a stable economy. He was concerned with the public credit of the United States of America. It was found that United States of America had debts amounting to $54 million from the Revolutionary War, $10 million of which was owed to wartime ally France and Dutch bankers. He proposed an economic plan that would solidify the economic structure of the country. Hamilton believed that the public debt assumption of all the states would be â€Å"the powerful cement of our Union† if his bond proposal that would improve the national public credit was be accepted. A bond is certificate issued by a government or company promising to pay back borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest on a specified date. He stated that all war bonds from the Revolutionary War must be paid in full at face value to those holding the bond agreements. He felt that if the repayment of war bonds was not taken solemnly or if only a fraction of the face value was paid, the government would lose the confidence and loyalty of the people. 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A Woman s Mother And One Brother Are Deceased - 1538 Words

JG was born on January14, 1962 in Worcester, MA. She is a Caucasian; a single woman whose primary language is English. She is approximately 5’3† tall, weighs approximately 175 pounds, has brown hair, brown eyes, wears glasses, and has a birthmark on her hand. JG has a court appointed temporary guardian through DDS to provide her with the support she needs in order to maintain safe boundaries from her former care givers. JG lives with her shared living provider, Melissa and her family. She is currently unemployed. JG has three biological brothers and two sisters alive. Her mom and one brother are deceased. She communicates frequently with one of her sisters in person and by phone. She is very concerned about one of her brothers who abuse substances. He is homeless and JG has engaged in frequent attempts to sneak out of the house at 4:00 am to search for him. 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One of his most famous tragedies, Hamlet, revolves around the great prince of Denmark, Hamlet, who encounters the apparition of his deceased father, the former king. The ghost asks that Hamlet seeks revenge upon Claudius, his uncl e and new father, for it was he who murdered him and seduced the queen, as a plan to gain topRead MoreA Doll House By Henrik Ibsen850 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll House was written by Henrik Ibsen in 1879. There are two woman in the play, Nora and Mrs. Linde who have some differences, but also share some similarities. Nora is married to Torvald Helmer, they have three children together. Miss. Linde is a widow an took care of her younger siblings and her now deceased mother. Nora and Mrs. Linde are different in the way they have lived the past couple of years and how at the end of act three they are changing their lifestyles by either going from independent

Research Methodological Approaches free essay sample

It is also often confused with epistemology, which is about knowledge and knowing. Ontology is one of core areas of philosophical study, which research as the nature of being, reality and existence, it also discuss about the relationship between each categories of being. ‘An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization. ’(Gruber, 1993: 199). Objectivism ‘Objectivism is an ontological position that asserts that social phenomena and their meanings have an existence that is independent of social actors. It implies that social phenomena and the categories that we use in every day discourse have an existence that is independent or separate from actors’ (Bryman, 2007: 22). Objectivism is a philosophical terminology that refers to an attitude of people to look at things, to think about things without particular point of person, means the properties of the thing itself without personal views. Further, objectivism also means the existence of natural and social properties of things (Saunders, 2007; Bryman, 2007). Subjectivism An ontological position that asserts, that entities are created from the perceptions and consequent actions of those social actors responsible for their creation’ (Saunders, 2007: 612). According to Saunders (2007), subjectivism is the consciousness and spirit of people, it is opposed to objectivism. Subjectivism means that people participate in to observe some things, at this time, the nature and social properties and rule of the observed things will vary with different views from different people. Positivism The epistemological position that advocates working with an observable social reality. The emphasis is on highly structured methodology to facilitate replication, and the end product can be law-like generalizations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientists’ (Saunders, 2007: 606). According to Saunders (2007), positivism is an ontological position, one or the main determinants in research questions research philosophy. Positivis m is attribute with the naturel sciences. It reflects scientific laws by summarize the phenomenon. Interpretivism ‘The epistemological position that advocates the necessity to understand differences between humans in their role as social actors’ (Saunders, 2007: 600). Interpretivism is a philosophical viewpoint formed from human scientific process, mainly common in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Interpretivism is based on idealism, it advocates that human experience of the world is not the passive perception and acceptance on the material world, but takes an initiative to the increase understanding and interpretation. The interpretivist ontological basis of the real world is the human explanation for the different behaviour and condition of the product. In other words it attempts to understand the truth of the real world, which is built the subjective idea of humanity (Schwandt, 1994). Quantitative Approach ‘Take a quantitative approach to addressing their research questions and design a study that involves collecting quantitative data and analyzing them using statistical methods’ (Collis, 2009: 7). According to Bryman (2007), the quantitative approach is a research strategy or process that emphasizes quantification in the collection, analysis and explanation of data. It uses questionnaires to achieve the purpose by set up the research questions and is predetermined. Qualitative Approach The qualitative approach addresses research questions by examining the consciousness and spirit of people (Collis, 2009). The qualitative approach is a research strategy or process that usually emphasizes words rather than quantification in the collection, analysis and explanation of data (Bryman 2007). Qualitative research is likely to lead to a greater range of ethical concerns (Saunders 2007). Interviews are often used to gather reliable and valid information for the research. It is a purposeful discussion between two or more people (Kahn and Cannell, 1957, cited in Saunders 2007). The focus group method is a form of group interview in which: there are several participants, there is an emphasis in the questioning on a particular fairly tightly defined topic; and the accent is upon interaction within the group and the joint construction of meaning (Bryman, 2007: 511) The focused group can be separate into individual interview and group interview (Merton et al. 1956, cited in Bryman 2007). Pragmatic Approach ‘An ontological position that argues that the most important determinant of the research philosophy adopted is the research questions. It applies a practical approach, integrating different perspectives to help collect and interpret data’ (Saunders, 2007: 607). According to Saunders (2007), pragmatic research is a practical approach, it employs the thinking of both the Interpretivism and Positivism. Using both quantitative and qualitative approach, integrating different options to help collect and interpret data. Conclusion Compare with qualitative and quantitative research, I found that using quantitative approach, the aim is to classify features, build statistical models to explain what is observed, and researcher should know specifically what information is looking for and tends to keep objectively during the research. The data collect by use questionnaires, and the quantitative data is more efficient. Different with quantitative approach, for qualitative approach, the aim should be complete and detailed statement, researcher may only know roughly what information is looking and he/she may be subjectively immersed in the research process. The data gathering by use interview or focus group, but the qualitative data may be less able to be generalized. The research project has been decided to review the Apple Inc. development strategy during last 10 years.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Developing Sustainably

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility and Developing Sustainably. Answer: Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility is defined as an approach, which helps the organization in developing sustainably for delivering economic, social as well as environmental benefits to the stakeholders (Okpara and Idowu 2013). It is adopted by various industries in Australia for maximizing their annual profit. The telecom industry of Australia Telestra uses CSR in staying productive, competitive as well as relevant in the rapidly changing world of business. In this assignment, strengths as well as weaknesses of various phrases are illustrated. The report discusses significance of CSR, role of CSR in telecom industry of Australia, key players of Australian telecom industry, impact of CSR on the success of the business and improvements required in Corporate Social responsibility. Meaning and significance of Corporate Social Responsibility The term corporate social responsibility is a business approach, which helps in contributing towards sustainable development by providing economic, social as well as environmental benefits to all the stakeholders of the organization. Corporate social responsibility is very much significant for telecom industry as it helps the organization in staying productive, competitive as well as relevant in the rapidly changing world of business. It is stated by Okpara and Idowu (2013) that CSR provides opportunity to the telecom industry so that they can work for the betterment of the society in order to make it a better place to live. On the other hand, Schneider and Schmidpeter (2012) stated that CSR plays a significant role in making the brand of the organization more popular not among the competitors but also among the media as well as among the common people. Corporate social responsibility assists in strengthening the bond among various employees. The adoption of Corporate Social responsibility requires numerous changes in procedures. According to Korschun, Bhattacharya and Swain (2014), the telecom industry needs to hire some additional personnel for managing the initiatives of CSR. The actions came at a cost and as a result, it is quite expensive. On the hand, Cheng, Ioannou and Serafeim (2014) stated that many business undertakes the initiatives of CSR for bolstering their public images. The initiatives require the organization to release some important information, which has an opposite effect. Ho: The CSR can be advantageous for increasing the productivity of the organization. H1: The CSR cannot be advantageous for increasing the productivity of the organizations. It is found from the above analysis that the adopted CSR is either significant or disadvantageous for the telecom industry. The organization must adopt CSR effectively in order to utilize it in increasing the productivity of the organization as well as for becoming competitive in the market of Australia. Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in the telecom industry of Australia Corporate Social Responsibility is a term that is required for describing the efforts of an organization for improving its different operations. It is considered as one of the standard business practices by Telestra. The establishment of CSR strategy within the organization plays an important role in gaining competitive advantage. There are numerous roles of corporate social responsibility in the telecom industry of Australia. According to Ofodile et al. (2012), the policies of CSR helps in entailing self-regulation, adherence to various rules and regulations, achieving ethical standards, consumer satisfaction, welfare of the employees and stakeholders benefit. The telecom industries of Australia are always driven by the need of making more profits. The CSR assists the telecom industry in increasing their profits, sustainability, integrity as well as reputation in the business, which is included in the policy of the organization (Mousavi et al. 2013). The adoption of CSR by the organization Telestra helps in promoting the brand of the organization. The organization is experiencing rapid growth by having effective contribution in the gross domestic product of the nation. On the other hand, it is stated by Kobzar, Nikolayeva and Shvets (2014), that the adoption of CSR policies are not always driven or motivated by increased profit. The organization Telestra have realized that for adopting Corporate Social Responsibility, they require special appeal from the stakeholders (Sharma, Sharma and Devi 2013).The organization Telestra have faced number of challenges including insecurity of property, infrastructure problems, lack of credit, high volume cash transaction, environmental challenges and many more. The telecom industry of Australia also faces problems in performing the roles in context with corporate social responsibilities due to the government policies. H0: The adoption of CSR in the telecom industry of Australia Telestra is quite advantageous in increasing profitability. H1: The adoption of CSR in Telestra cannot be advantageous in increasing profit. It can be concluded that CSR have numerous roles in the organization Telestra for increasing the annual profitability but the organization also faces number of challenges in performing different roles within the telecom industry of Australia. Key players of Australian telecom industry and the initiatives taken by CSR The telecom companies in Australia are mainly engaged in maintaining, operating as well as accessing various facilities for proper as well as effective transmission of sound, text, data and many more. The main key players of telecom industries in Australia includes NetComm Wireless limited, My Net Fone Limited, Singapore Telecommunications Limited, TPG Telecom limited, and M2 group limited (Deng, Kang and Low 2013). There are number of initiatives, which are taken by Corporate Social responsibility in the telecom industries. Corporate Social Responsibilities provides basic expectations to the organizations by taking initiatives in protecting public health, safety of the public and the environment. According to Brammer, Jackson and Matten (2012), CSR helps in explaining the concepts of values and ethics for influencing the extent of corporation. The initiatives, which are taken by CSR for the telecom industries of Australia, have a positive impact on the evaluations of the company, which is mediated by the perceptions of self-company congruence for supporting various domains of CSR (Dyck et al. 2015). The initiative, which is taken by CSR in increasing the profitability of the company, also increases competitive advantage for the organizations. (Flammer (2013) opined that the CSR initiatives and financial stock market of the companies does not always have a positive impact on the performance of the organizations. H0: The initiatives taken by CSR may have positive impact on the telecom industries H1: The initiatives, which are taken by the telecom industries, do not have a positive impact on the organization. Corporate Social Responsibility adopted by different telecom industries helps in earning profit by the organizations. After deducting different expenses from the revenue, it is identified that the telecom companies of Australia are achieving profit by adopting CSR. The analysis helps in providing an idea about the operations of the organizations and their market capitalization assists in specifying the position of the companies in the market. Impact of Corporate social responsibility on the success of business Corporate social responsibility helps in increasing the profit of the organizations and therefore all the large companies are actively engaged to it. It is believed by some executives that CSR plays a significant role in improving the profit of the organization (Rupp et al. 2015). CSR helps in promoting the brand of the company in the market place, helps in enhancing the sales of the telecom industries, and increases loyalty of the employees. According to Baumann-Pauly et al. (2013), the activities, which are associated with Corporate Social Responsibilities focuses on various sustainability issues, which further helps in improving the efficiency of the organization. It is stated by Kitzmueller and Shimshack (2012) that adoption of CSR within telecom industries helps in gaining possible listings in the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes or other indices which helps in enhancing the stock price of the company making the stocks options as well as the executives of stocks more profitable. It is opined by Marquis and Qian (2013), that Corporate Social responsibility does not help the organizations in gaining profit. The growths of profit in the telecom industry in context to CSR are frequently difficult to define as it is considered as a challenging task (Khan, Muttakin and Siddiqui 2013). An environment of tension is created within the telecom industries while efforts are provided in order to maximize profits the corporate social programs are targeted due to the social problems. It is also an important task to trace the benefits of CSR for tracing the performance of the organization. H0: The impacts of corporate Social Responsibility on the telecom industries are positive. H1: The impacts of corporate Social responsibility on the telecom industries cannot be positive. The CSR plays an important role in maximizing the profit of the organization and it helps the organization in resolving the issues that are related with sustainability. The organization needs to generate some ideas as well as policies in order to solve the challenges that the organizations faces due to the adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility. Improvements required in the area of Corporate Social responsibility Improvements in context to Corporate Social Responsibility are very much required for increasing the profitability within an organization. There are number of ways that can be utilized in order to improve the area of Corporate Social Responsibility. According to Morgeson et al. (2013), the organizations must make proper as well as effective decisions regarding sustainable purchasing as the decisions helps in buying sustainable goods and services. It is very much important for the organization to be upfront as well honest in order to provide information properly so that the involved stakeholders will achieve proper insight of the problems as well as challenges. It is stated by (Bondy, Moon and Matten (2012) that is quite important to have proper community development for ensuring positive relationship with the communities for making the organizations involved. It is analyzed that improvement in CSR increases competitive advantage for organizations. It is stated by Flammer (2015), that the operations, products or services that are utilized for improving the CSR of the organizations are not always environmental friendly and as a result it has some negative impacts on the growth of sales and consumption of products. H0: Improvements are required in Corporate Social Responsibility in order to enhance the success of the organizations. H1: Improvements are not required for enhancing the success of the organizations in Corporate Social Responsibility. It is very much important for the organization to use proper and effective operations as well as products so that they do not have negative impact on the environment of the organization. The organization must take help from the governments for supporting cleaner, greener as well as sustainable environment for improving corporate social responsibility of the organization. Conclusion It can be concluded that corporate social responsibility helps in providing positive influence in achieving completive advantage within the organization. It is analyzed that CSR helps in increasing the profit of the organizations, which further helps in promoting the brand of the company in the market place. It helps in strengthening the bond among various employees and focuses on various sustainability issues, which further helps in improving the efficiency of the organization. The CSR assists the telecom industry in increasing their profits, sustainability, integrity as well as reputation in the business, which is included in the policy of the organization. The CSR helps in providing an idea about the operations of the organizations and their market capitalization assists in specifying the position of the companies in the market. The initiative, which is taken by CSR in increasing the profitability of the company, also increases competitive advantage for the organizations as CSR in itiatives and financial stock market of the companies does not always have a positive impact on the performance of the organizations. Therefore, it is quite important for the organization to adopt CSR effectively in order to utilize it in increasing the productivity of the organization as well as for becoming competitive in the market of Australia. The organization needs to generate some ideas as well as policies in order to solve the challenges that the organizations faces due to the adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility. References Baumann-Pauly, D., Wickert, C., Spence, L.J. and Scherer, A.G., 2013. Organizing corporate social responsibility in small and large firms: Size matters.Journal of Business Ethics,115(4), pp.693-705. Bondy, K., Moon, J. and Matten, D., 2012. An institution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in multi-national corporations (MNCs): Form and implications.Journal of Business Ethics,111(2), pp.281-299. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-Economic Review,10(1), pp.3-28. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23. Deng, X., Kang, J.K. and Low, B.S., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder value maximization: Evidence from mergers.Journal of Financial Economics,110(1), pp.87-109. Dyck, I.J., Lins, K.V., Roth, L. and Wagner, H.F., 2015. Do Institutional Investors Drive Corporate Social Responsibility? International Evidence.Do Institutional Investors Drive Corporate Social Responsibility. Flammer, C., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and shareholder reaction: The environmental awareness of investors.Academy of Management Journal,56(3), pp.758-781. Flammer, C., 2015. Does corporate social responsibility lead to superior financial performance? A regression discontinuity approach.Management Science,61(11), pp.2549-2568. Khan, A., Muttakin, M.B. and Siddiqui, J., 2013. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy.Journal of business ethics,114(2), pp.207-223. Kitzmueller, M. and Shimshack, J., 2012. Economic perspectives on corporate social responsibility.Journal of Economic Literature,50(1), pp.51-84. Kobzar, T., Nikolayeva, V. and Shvets, O., 2014. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.20-37. Marquis, C. and Qian, C., 2013. Corporate social responsibility reporting in China: Symbol or substance?.Organization Science,25(1), pp.127-148. Morgeson, F.P., Aguinis, H., Waldman, D.A. and Siegel, D.S., 2013. Extending corporate social responsibility research to the human resource management and organizational behavior domains: A look to the future.Personnel Psychology,66(4), pp.805-824. Mousavi, Z., Beiranvand, F., Moeinfar, Z. and Amouzesh, N., 2013. Corporate Social Responsibility.Life Sci J,10(6s), pp.8-10. Ofodile, U.E., Altschuller, S.A., Dolize, A. and Fessler, M., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility.The International Lawyer, pp.181-197. Okpara, J.O. and Idowu, S.O., 2013.Corporate Social Responsibility. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Rupp, D.E., Wright, P.M., Aryee, S. and Luo, Y., 2015. Organizational justice, behavioral ethics, and corporate social responsibility: Finally the three shall merge.Management and Organization Review,11(01), pp.15-24. Schneider, A. and Schmidpeter, R., 2012. Corporate social responsibility.Verantwortliche Unternehmensfhrung in der Praxis, Berlin ua. Sharma, J.D., Sharma, J. and Devi, A., 2013. Corporate Social Responsibility.The Key Role of Human Resource.